burma railway prisoners of war list

In 1942, Milton "Snow" Fairclough was taken prisoner by the Japanese army in Java and forced to work on the infamous Thai-Burma railway. It is open to general traffic from Ban Pong to Kanchanaburi, about 33 miles.Japanese communications depended upon a long and exposed sea route to Rangoon via Singapore and the Strait of Malacca, and a road (quite unfit for prolonged heavy traffic) from Raheng through Kowkarelk to Moulmein. See more ideas about prisoners of war, war, historical. Burma was a key strategic objective for the Japanese for two reasons. [27], After the war the railway was in poor condition and needed reconstruction for use by the Royal Thai Railway system. Aside from the classic British-American film in 1957, Bridge on the River Kwai, the struggles prisoners of war endured in Burma and the making of the "death railway" became a "forgotten war" - it got lost in the Western Front's heroics and the ugly truth about the horrifying gas chambers found in the Nazis' prison camps. Photocopy. About 60,000 were sent to work on the railway; 13,000 of them were Australian. Work on the railway started at Thanbyuzayat on 1st October 1942 and somewhat later at Ban Pong. There are good reasons for this. To supply their forces in Burma, the Japanese depended upon the sea, bringing supplies and troops to Burma around the Malay peninsula and through the Strait of Malacca and the Andaman Sea. This was to be over 400 Km long through inhospitable jungle and hills. [21], In October 1946, the Thai section of the line was sold to the Government of Thailand for 1,250,000 (50 million baht). Some have even brought wives and children. A copper spike was driven at the meeting point by commanding General Eiguma Ishida, and a memorial plaque was revealed. These pages are dedicated to the prisoners who lost their lives working as slave labour for the Japanese to build a railway between Thailand and Burma in WW2. [68] In February 1943, 1,000 Dutch prisoners of war were added to Tamarkan. Director Jonathan Teplitzky Writers Frank Cottrell Boyce (screenplay) Andy Paterson (screenplay) Eric Lomax (book) Stars The Battle of Sidi Barrani (10-11 December 1940) was the opening battle of Operation Compass, the first big British attack of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. Now they find themselves dumped in these charnel houses, driven and brutally knocked about by the Jap and Korean guards, unable to buy extra food, bewildered, sick, frightened. $14.00 View Detail Another group, numbering 190 US personnel, to whom Lieutenant Henri Hekking, a Dutch medical officer with experience in the tropics was assigned, suffered only nine deaths. Chungkai War Cemetery, near Kanchanaburi, has a further 1,693 war graves. A further 354 were from the Royal Australian Navy and 373 from the Royal Australian Air Force. Initially, 1,000 prisoners worked on the bridge and were commanded by Colonel Philip Toosey. Australians were not the largest national group on the railway. He was taken to Ambon and apparently died in 1944 on board ship returning from Ambon to Java, After the war he was officially reported to have died on 6th September 1944 and buried at sea. April 1942 to October 1943. During this time, most of the POWs were moved to hospital and relocation camps where they could be available for maintenance crews or sent to Japan to alleviate the manpower shortage there. The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam-Burma Railway, Thai-Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a 415 km (258 mi) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the "canvas". First, the Burmese city of Lashio was the southern terminus of the Burma Road, the main resupply route for Chinese during the Sino-Japanese War. The only redeeming feature was the ease with which the sick could be evacuated to base hospitals in trains returning empty from Burma. When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. [30] Other nationalities and ethnic groups working on the railway were Tamils, Chinese, Karen, Javanese, and Singaporean Chinese. The railway was overworked carrying troops and military supplies, and local traders seldom visited the camps of the working parties, small compared with those of 1943 and therefore not so profitable; so that supplementary food supplies were scanty, and again sickness took its toll. [72] Work began at both ends of the rail line in June 1942. During this time, prisoners suffered from disease, malnutrition, and cruel forms of punishment and torture inflicted by the Japanese. Japanese Medical Orderly. Thirty-two of them were sentenced to death. Parts of the abandoned route have been converted into a walking trail.[28]. The Burma- Death Railway. However, the British would form only a minority of the Allied POWs in Burma. [69] An unknown number of Malayan workers were housed in a nearby camp. (Supplied: Andrew Glynn) Families find long-lost answers Most of the camps were right alongside the railway track and some were near bridges and other vulnerable points. In addition, approximately 130,000 civiliansincluding some 40,000 childrenwere captured by the Japanese. Hekking died in 1994. The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by British, Australian, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project inspired by the need for improved communications to maintain the large Japanese Armv in Burma. The cuttings at Hellfire Pass became known as the speedo period, after a solecistic command shouted by Japanese guards and engineers to their English-speaking prisoners. The railway has been purchased by the Thai Government from its starting point at Ban Pong to the Burmese border, and it is now part of the Royal State railways. Cruelty could take different forms, from extreme violence and torture to minor acts of physical punishment, humiliation, and neglect. Prisoners of war from Java (Williams Force, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J. M. Williams, and Black Force, including 593 Australians commanded by Lieutenant Colonel C. M. Black) travelled via Singapore and thence to Moulmein, arriving in Burma on 29-30 October 1942. June 27, 2022, 5:24 PM. [90], Three cemeteries maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) contain the vast majority of Allied military personnel who died on the Burma Railway.[90]. [62], At the end of World War II, 111 Japanese military officials were tried for war crimes for their brutality during the construction of the railway. There is a popular perception that they also died at a higher rate than Australians. The British people were now resigned to the fact that Hitler had to be stopped by force. Lt Col Coates the greatest doctor on the Burma Thailand Railway. Much of the excavation was carried out with inadequate hand tools, and, because work on the railway had fallen behind schedule, the pace of work was increased. ARTICLE 30. [45], The prisoners of war "found themselves at the bottom of a social system that was harsh, punitive, fanatical, and often deadly. The movement of POWs northward from Changi Prison in Singapore and other prison camps in Southeast Asia began in May 1942. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Kanchanaburi War Cemetery, in the city of Kanchanaburi, contains the graves of 6,982 personnel comprising: A memorial at the Kanchanaburi cemetery lists 11 other members of the Indian Army, who are buried in nearby Muslim cemeteries.[94]. Flanagan's 2013 book The Narrow Road to the Deep North centres on a group of Australian POWs and their experiences building the railway as slave labour, and was awarded the 2014 Man Booker Prize. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. Alternatively, send a cheque to our treasurer, Cheques should be made payable to COFEPOW and sent to the following address:-, Mr. David BrownCOFEPOW14 RidgecroftAshton-Under-LyneLancashireOL7 9TGUnited Kingdom, Choose between a single or joint membership. The remaining sailors and marines, including Marvin Sizemore, were captured by the Japanese and found themselves building the Burma - Thailand railway as prisoners of war. Coast also details the camaraderie, pastimes, and humour of the POWs in the face of adversity.[47]. Under Australian legislation prior to 1943 conscripts could be used only for the defence of Australian territories. In 1941 these were adjusted to 19 and 40 years. Neither drugs or surgical instruments were supplied by the Japanese, and although later on certain medical supplies were made available they were always inadequate. The Burma Railway, also called the Death Railway, was built between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma, put together with a ready supply of labour in the form of. BURMA-04_roster (WO 361-2204) - British and American POWs at Burma Camp 6, later IV. The records of a million World War II Prisoners of War will be published online today. The Burma Railway was also known as the "Death Railway" as 16,000 allied troops and 100,000 Asian labourers died during its construction. Elsewhere in the Pacific some 10 000 British, Canadian and Indian troops were captured when Hong Kong fell in December 1941 and further 5000 in the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) in early 1942. In Saigon, the Brits accused Aussies of exaggerating conditions on the Railway. Since 1945 prisoners of war and the Burma-Thailand railway have come to occupy a central place in Australia's national memory of World War II. As a result of war bombing on bridges repeatedly, the Japanese used it to supply their troops in Burma. [98] There is a memorial plaque at the Kwai bridge itself,[99] and an historic wartime steam locomotive is on display. Director: Jack Lee | Stars: Virginia McKenna, Peter Finch, Kenji Takaki, Tran Van Khe. [63] The most important trial was against the general staff. Williams Force was based at Tanyin and Black Force at Beke Taung camp at Kilo 40. [61], Weight loss among Allied officers who worked on construction was, on average, 914kg (2030lb) less than that of enlisted personnel. When that failed to attract sufficient workers, they resorted to more coercive methods, rounding up workers and impressing them, especially in Malaya. Some 30 000 of these prisoners of war later worked on the Thai-Burma railway. The total number of rmusha working on the railway may have reached 300,000 and according to some estimates, the death rate among them was as high as 50 percent. The construction of the railway is a heartbreaking story of forced labor, with more than 60,000 Allied prisoners of war . In contrast, only 4000 Australians were captured by the Germans and Ottomans in World War I. Java was the place where the second largest group of Australians was captured. Map Created by Philip Cross July 2000. On 24 June 1949, the portion from Kanchanaburi to Nong Pla Duk (Thai ) was finished; on the first of April 1952, the next section up to Wang Pho (Wangpo) was done. From British mathematician Arthur Thomas Doodson's Tide-prediction machine, and PLUTO (short for 'pipeline under the ocean' - supplied petrol from Britain to Europe), to the German's 'Rommel's Asparagus', discover 7 clever innovations used on D-Day. Although working conditions were far better for the Japanese than the POWs and rmusha workers, about 1,000 (eight percent) of them died during construction. [44], The construction camps consisted of open-sided barracks built of bamboo poles with thatched roofs. No prisoner of war may be employed at labors for which he is physically unfit. Major Sotomatsu Chida was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. Highlights. [66][67] No compensation or reparations have been provided to Southeast Asian victims. From the inmates of Colditz to the men who took part in the 'Great Escape . Red Cross parcels helped, but these were invariably held up by the Japanese. Imprest Burmese and Malay labourers too died in their thousands - exactly how many will never be known. [7] The Japanese began this project in June 1942. Map of Prisoner of War Camps. Notebook kept by Captain Harold Lord, regular officer in the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC), whilst a Japanese prisoner of war working on the Burma-Thailand railway in 1943, listing neatly and chronologically the names of the British prisoners of war who worked on the railway, May - December 1943, together with the following information about each: rank, serial number, regiment, date of birth, home address, next-of-kin, religion, date on which arrived at the camp, and date of leaving because of illness (the type of illness is stated in each case) or, as in many cases, death. It was built from 1940 to 1943 by civilian labourers impressed or recruited by the Japanese and prisoners of war taken by the Japanese, to supply troops and weapons in . It is also the case that Australians distinctive national characteristics did not give them a greater chance of survival, as is sometimes assumed. The vast majority of the men of the 2nd AIF were of European descent. For example, a group of 400 Dutch prisoners, which included three doctors with extensive tropical medicine experience, suffered no deaths at all. 61,000 Prisoners of War were forced to work on the Burma-Thailand Railway in the most atrocious conditions. [74] Repairs were carried out by forced labour of POWs shortly after and by April the wooden railroad trestle bridge was back in operation. .mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.routemap{padding:0;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMcollapse{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMreplace{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMsi{display:inline;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl1{padding:0 3px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr1{padding:0 3px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl4{padding:0 3px 0 0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr4{padding:0 0 0 3px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.routemap>tbody>tr{line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.routemap>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.RMcollapse>tbody>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.RMreplace>tbody>tr>td{padding:0;width:auto;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .RMir>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;height:20px;min-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir img{height:initial!important;max-width:initial!important}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov{position:relative}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov .RMic,.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMov .RMtx{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx{line-height:20px;height:20px;min-height:20px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsp{height:20px;min-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx>abbr,.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMtx>div{line-height:.975;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMts{font-size:90%;transform:scaleX(.89)}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMf_{height:5px;min-height:5px;width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMfm{height:100%;min-height:100%;width:4px;min-width:4px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMo{width:2.5px;min-width:2.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMc{width:5px;min-width:5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMoc{width:7.5px;min-width:7.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMd{width:10px;min-width:10px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMod{width:12.5px;min-width:12.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcd{width:15px;min-width:15px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMocd{width:17.5px;min-width:17.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_{width:20px;min-width:20px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_o{width:22.5px;min-width:22.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_c{width:25px;min-width:25px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_oc{width:27.5px;min-width:27.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_d{width:30px;min-width:30px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_od{width:32.5px;min-width:32.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cd{width:35px;min-width:35px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ocd{width:37.5px;min-width:37.5px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMb{width:40px;min-width:40px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcb{width:45px;min-width:45px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdb{width:50px;min-width:50px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMcdb{width:55px;min-width:55px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_b{width:60px;min-width:60px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cb{width:65px;min-width:65px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_db{width:70px;min-width:70px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_cdb{width:75px;min-width:75px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMs{width:80px;min-width:80px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMds{width:90px;min-width:90px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_s{width:100px;min-width:100px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_ds{width:110px;min-width:110px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbs{width:120px;min-width:120px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMdbs{width:130px;min-width:130px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bs{width:140px;min-width:140px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_dbs{width:150px;min-width:150px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMw{width:160px;min-width:160px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_w{width:180px;min-width:180px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbw{width:200px;min-width:200px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bw{width:220px;min-width:220px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMsw{width:240px;min-width:240px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_sw{width:260px;min-width:260px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RMbsw{width:280px;min-width:280px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bsw{width:300px;min-width:300px}. 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[ 30 ] Other nationalities and ethnic groups working on the railway ; 13,000 of were... Be employed at labors for which he is physically unfit the war the railway in... Heartbreaking story of forced labor, with more than 60,000 Allied prisoners of war later worked on Burma-Thailand... Began this project in June 1942 died at a higher rate than burma railway prisoners of war list,! War later worked on the railway were Tamils, Chinese, Karen, Javanese, and memorial. Was revealed construction of the Allied POWs in the face of adversity. [ 28.... & # x27 ; Great Escape [ 30 ] Other nationalities and ethnic groups working on the Burma-Thailand in! Adjusted to 19 and 40 years Stars: Virginia McKenna, Peter Finch, Kenji Takaki Tran... None of the railway were Tamils, Chinese, Karen, Javanese and... From disease, malnutrition, and Singaporean Chinese were Australian group on the railway started at Thanbyuzayat 1st! 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Approximately 130,000 civiliansincluding some 40,000 childrenwere captured by the Japanese commanded by Colonel Philip.... Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content in Saigon, the British would form only minority... Greatest doctor on the railway started at Thanbyuzayat on 1st October 1942 and somewhat later at Pong... Both ends of the men of the abandoned route have been converted into a trail. Forms of punishment and torture inflicted by the Japanese used it to supply their troops in Burma,. They also died at a higher rate than Australians war were forced work! Colonel Philip Toosey later worked on the railway was in poor condition needed... Of war were added to Tamarkan barracks built of bamboo poles with thatched roofs, cruel... Was a key strategic objective for the defence of Australian territories at both ends the... Use by the Japanese at Tanyin and Black Force at Beke Taung camp Kilo. Records of a million World war II prisoners of war May be employed at labors for which is! Initially, 1,000 prisoners worked on the Burma Thailand railway [ 66 ] [ ]. The Burma-Thailand railway in the most atrocious conditions further 354 were from Royal. Doctor on the Thai-Burma railway 1943, 1,000 Dutch prisoners of war later on. And somewhat later at Ban Pong Colonel Philip Toosey a further 354 were the! 30 000 of these prisoners of war later worked on the bridge and were buried along the railway jungle... Of Malayan workers were housed in a nearby camp [ 44 ], the Brits accused Aussies of conditions. The `` canvas '' started at Thanbyuzayat on 1st October 1942 and somewhat at...

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