They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, 2004). It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). The farming systems are facing constraints such as small land size, lack of resources, and increasing degradation of soil quality that hamper sustainable crop production and food security. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. fLACK OF DEFINITE AGRICULTURE LAND USE POLICY At regional level it is on the will of the farmer to grow Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in the country is the root cause of the problem. It has been discovered from the Ethiopian national survey that the relationships between yield, farm size, and land fragmentation have an inverse relationship that is, a positive association between yield and land fragmentation (Paul & Gthnji, 2018). It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). (, University of Pennsylvania Press (for International Food Policy Research Institute), The role of remote sensing in land degradation assessments: Opportunities and challenges, Newly emerging insect pests and diseases as a challenge for growth and development of Ethiopia: The case of Western Oromiya. The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth Availability and price of land for expansion New government mandates and regulations Stability, development and fluctuations in global financial markets Abstract. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Some of the major environmental problems are as follows: 1. But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? The interaction between human population and agricultural production is complex.Intense debates have been continued on population growth against agricultural development. It is proximity to Middle East markets is valuable to transport fresh products within a short period of time to the needed destination. This information indicated that the irrigation practice of Ethiopia is young and inefficient to produce at its full capacity. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. Ethiopia is home to a large number of people living below the international poverty line, and although the economy is diversifying, farming is still the main source of income for many people. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Your email address will not be published. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. 1. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Protection and enhancement of the available natural resources in a transformative process toward the holistic approaches including agroecology, agro-forestry, and climate-smart agriculture by organizing both indigenous and scientific knowledge to increase production and productivity. However, Ethiopias current fruit and vegetable export to nearby international markets, like The Middle East, is very limited and requires refrigeration to keep fresh produce during transportation to Djibouti where it can be shipped to international markets. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Working and investing toward changing the behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of Ethiopians have become important in the future to boost agricultural production and productivity. Why poverty? The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. This age group category is highly dependent on their family to obtain their basic needs but their families are too poor to sustain their basic needs. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The key agricultural problems worldwide are price volatility in agricultural markets, food insecurity, undernourishment, shortage of land and water resources used in agricultural activities. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. 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major problems of agriculture in ethiopia