undefined reference to function in cpp

How to troubleshoot crashes detected by Google Play Store for Flutter app, Cupertino DateTime picker interfering with scroll behaviour. In the above codes, we have function name () that function is declared using some arguments but in the main method, the function is called without arguments so when compiles the code it creates the undefined reference error. Undefined Reference to. There are some cases when the program gives some output, and this error occurs. Flutter change focus color and icon color but not works. 2022 - EDUCBA. Has natural gas "reduced carbon emissions from power generation by 38%" in Ohio? #ifndef STATSTYPE_H_INCLUDED #define STATSTYPE_H_INCLUDED using namespace std; template <class myType> class statsType { int setSize; myType *dataSet; string fileName; public: statsType (); //set the filename to the empty string, the setSize to 0, and dataSet pointer to nullptr. At any rate, the error messages I'm receiving are: And finally (WHEW!) Undefined Reference to. My main didn't copy into the text fied on this site correctly, so the bottom implementations of those functions are missing. There we are saying that if you change `stack.cpp' you'll need to recompile it to create `stack.o' If you change `stack.h' you need to recompile `main.cpp' and `stack.cpp', as they both include it, and replace the old *.o How are you compiling your code? You can fix undefined reference in C++ by investigating the linker error messages and then providing the missing definition for the given symbols. Why is water leaking from this hole under the sink? What are the rules about using an underscore in a C++ identifier? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. What are the differences between a pointer variable and a reference variable? First two number of series are 0 and 1. Don't use names that contain two underscores or begin with an underscore followed by a capital letter. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. If you are using the command-line, be sure to include all of your filenames as command-line arguments. How to properly link libraries with cmake? collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status. Generally, the programming codes are written with some logic that logics will create the bug sometimes. You need to move all of the code from LinkedSortedList.cpp into LinkedSortedList.h (and similarly for the other templated classes) so that the compiler can produce the code for these methods when they are called. The only thing missing is that no definition is provided. So, why isn't Example.cpp getting compiled? how to put compiler command line args in specific places using cmake, Compile and add an object file from a binary with CMake. For example, you declared a function in a file and used it somewhere. In his free time, Husnain unwinds by thinking about tech fiction to solve problems around him. After this, you need to tell the project that uses it to link against it: TARGET_LINK_LIBRARIES(subdir2 Example) Comprehensive Functional-Group-Priority Table for IUPAC Nomenclature. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This way you are reserving some space for that variable Share Improve this answer Follow edited Feb 7, 2017 at 13:51 answered Feb 7, 2017 at 13:10 frarugi87 2,690 9 19 This tutorial briefly discusses one of the most common and equally critical errors in C++ programming (i.e., Undefined Reference to a Class::Function()). The programmer must correctly define all identifiers (e.g., functions, variables, and objects) to avoid such problems. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The C++ having n number of reserved keywords, functions that will provide some level of abstractions from the actual namespaces as well as the new libraries which is being already used for the programmers to allow it with more focus on the coding concepts. Letter of recommendation contains wrong name of journal, how will this hurt my application? undefined reference to `__imp_WSAStartup' #pregma socket vscode The prelaunchTask 'C/C++: gcc.exe' terminated with exit code -1 It also makes it easier to write the programming codes and clean it up using the same methods like destroying () or any other default methods belonging to the garbage collections and its the main area for destroying the unwanted codes and clean up the memory space areas. Please include a description of the steps you are using to compile the program. CMake error while running flutter desktop application. 27. How can citizens assist at an aircraft crash site? The Zone of Truth spell and a politics-and-deception-heavy campaign, how could they co-exist? C# Programming, Conditional Constructs, Loops, Arrays, OOPS Concept. What Does Undefined Reference Mean in C++? Hard to tell without the actual compile/link output. Compilation failed due to following error(s). Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Wow I'm so dumb haha. How dry does a rock/metal vocal have to be during recording? Add this: instead of your add_sources. First, we will briefly discuss different errors while coding in C++. Announcement: AI generated content temporarily banned on Ask Ubuntu, Undefined Reference to dlopen and friends, ImageMagick linking error with libfpx.so: undefined reference to, g++ fails with an undefined reference to symbol 'dlclose@@GLIBC_2.2.5' even with '-ldl', Avoiding alpha gaming when not alpha gaming gets PCs into trouble. Possible Duplicate: @user1727170 Ignore points 3. and 4. then. @user1727170 Ignore points 3. and 4. then. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Aug 7, 2015 at 8:13am AbstractionAnon (6923) How are you compiling dog.cpp and main.cpp? You are definitely ready to try manually building relatively medium programs with multiple files and investigate possible causes for linker errors. return 0 c++ used inside Main function return 0 c++ used inside other user defined function What is meaning of return 0 and [], When any function or statement is not in scope or we have used wrong syntax then possibly you will get error for c++ expected a declaration in your code. @Griwes Good pointalthough not the first thing. But that's not how C++ (or a typical C++ tool chain, for that matter) works. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. How to automatically classify a sentence or text based on its context? What non-academic job options are there for a PhD in algebraic topology? /usr/bin/ld: /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/10/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/Scrt1.o: in function `_start: (.text+0x24): undefined reference to `main, Tracking Down Undefined Reference Errors in Derived Classes. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more . Transporting School Children / Bigger Cargo Bikes or Trailers, Stopping electric arcs between layers in PCB - big PCB burn, Indefinite article before noun starting with "the", Removing unreal/gift co-authors previously added because of academic bullying, Trying to match up a new seat for my bicycle and having difficulty finding one that will work. The next code snippet tries to demonstrate a similar scenario which generates quite a large output of errors from the linker. The error is "undefined reference to 'Department::getNameabi:cxx11' and other many lines for each method call of department. To get templates instantiated automatically the compiler needs to the see the definition at the point of use. Why does secondary surveillance radar use a different antenna design than primary radar? API.cppnewunsigned shortalMotion classAPI.cppincludeheaderclass alMotionlinkerobjinstance Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. You need to define those inline in your header file, LinkedSortedList.h. Why is sending so few tanks to Ukraine considered significant. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Typically these are only .h files since it is strongly discouraged to #include .cpp files. I figured out the explicit template instantiaion, I simply added: template class LinkedSortedList ; to the bottom of my LinkedSortList.cpp and it compiled correctly. Thanks for contributing an answer to Ask Ubuntu! You have declared a global takeModulusLOOP function, then call it in main, without ever defining it. To see all the steps the compiler performs for you, throw in a -v : The information contained on https://www.mrcodehunter.com is for general information purposes only. So after I move the implementation into the head file, it works. It only takes a minute to sign up. I am using ubuntu 16.04 When I try to compile the program with, My cpp and header files seem right , So I am not sure why I am getting errors. Flutter windows: can I use relative path to bundle `.dll` library in CMakeLists.txt? When we declare and function but not added its definition then we get undefined reference to func c++ error. This type of linker error can affect the running of the program. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. How to do either of these is frequently answered. I do have Student_info.cpp , grade.cpp, and median.cpp. Have a question about this project? This is true in general case, but first thing you think about when somebody asks about undefined reference in C++ should be "does he use templates and separate declaration from definition?". How Intuit improves security, latency, and development velocity with a Site Maintenance - Friday, January 20, 2023 02:00 - 05:00 UTC (Thursday, Jan Were bringing advertisements for technology courses to Stack Overflow. This is a guide to C++ Undefined Reference. Toggle some bits and get an actual square. given By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. In this article, we covered common reasons that yield an undefined reference to C++ function errors and described several ways to identify them. It depends upon the data types and the object creation sizes must be calculated and it allocates the memory space for both the big storage data type variables as well as small amount storage variables. Husnain is a professional Software Engineer and a researcher who loves to learn, build, write, and teach. bots. @chris While a good suggestion, I don't think that will solve the linker errors. tmp.cpp:(.text._ZN11SampleClassC2ENSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEES5_i[_ZN11SampleClassC5ENSt7__cxx1112basic_stringIcSt11char_traitsIcESaIcEEES5_i]+0x1f): undefined reference to `vtable for SampleClass BTW, please don't use names reserved for the implementation of the C++ compiler and its standard library as include guards: names starting with an underscore followed by a capital letter are reserved in all contexts for the C++ implementation. Browse other questions tagged. I've not posted here before, so I apologize in advance if it's not in the right area or I've done something wrong. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Can I change which outlet on a circuit has the GFCI reset switch? Is C++ Array passed by reference or by pointer? Ask Ubuntu is a question and answer site for Ubuntu users and developers. @user1727170 I think you miss the point. Will all turbine blades stop moving in the event of a emergency shutdown. Your main.cpp file declares several functions which are not later defined. You are currently viewing LQ as a guest. tmp.cpp:(.text._ZN11SampleClassD2Ev[_ZN11SampleClassD5Ev]+0x13): undefined reference to `vtable for SampleClass Then the linker creates the executable by combining the object files (and libraries). Not the answer you're looking for? @Code-Guru this answer was a huge help for a problem i've run into using template linkedlists and template nodes! communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Here we have just created class inside our program and not define any main function. If this still doesn't help. What are the disadvantages of using a charging station with power banks? cppR cppR-caret -.sodll R R Why did OpenSSH create its own key format, and not use PKCS#8? The problem is that I can not call any of the functions in the .c files without getting the "undefined reference" error. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Position Is Everything: Thelatest Coding and Computing News & Tips. In C++ undefined reference is the kind of error which has occurred from when we have to create an object reference of any types like class, functions, variables, enumeration after creating that it will be used wherever it requires the linker will not find its definitions but it can be used to search the referenced objects including both files and libraries if the linker cannot find its definition of the created objects then the issue will be raised and it throws the error called undefined reference error this error will occur at different stages of the object creation and linking stages in the C++ codes. )" and is originally defined under "Tiny_DS3231.cpp". One of the most common errors in compilation happens during the linking stage. I didn't need the. Flutter change focus color and icon color but not works. The solution to this problem is to link the Square.cpp file to the main file in the following code. Map in c++ is used to store unique key and its value in data structure. even in the IDE. 2022 Position Is Everything All right reserved. That covers most of your problems the others, where are you defining empPrint(LinkedSortedList&)? Is the Department class implementation included into compile? I want to use all of them from vcpkg instead of system libraries. If any dependent object files go missing, the linker will generate an undefined reference error. Based on the requirements we will utilize the special keywords, variables, data types, and functions from the programming libraries. BTW, please don't use names reserved for the implementation of the C++ compiler and its standard library as include guards: names starting with an underscore followed by a capital letter are reserved in all contexts for the C++ implementation. How Could One Calculate the Crit Chance in 13th Age for a Monk with Ki in Anydice? This is what I described in my original answer above. Please include a description of the steps you are using to compile the program. system December 25, 2014, 10:11pm #4 Alright that worked. I need some tylenol. Why is sending so few tanks to Ukraine considered significant? Undefined reference means the linker can't find the definition of whatever it is that it's complaining about. I'm doing a project for my Bachelor's Degree (which is an implementation of a simple Entity Component System, but that's not the point of my topic :p), but I have an error and I don't understand why. Ubuntu and the circle of friends logo are trade marks of Canonical Limited and are used under licence. For example the compiler will generate the code for LinkedSortedList::LinkedSortedList() when it is called in main.cpp, but only if it's already seen the definition for this method in a header file. In algorithms for matrix multiplication (eg Strassen), why do we say n is equal to the number of rows and not the number of elements in both matrices? Actually, you have it in PowerModulus class, so you should call the function from PowerModulus instance. As a matter of fact, not even the compiler knows about them in your case. So here we are getting error undefined reference to main c++. -Josh. How are you compiling your code? This is a C problem, not a PlatforrmIO problem, but the program compiles successfully. C++ undefined reference is a linker error that often may come up when the function is declared but not implemented. c c++ "undefined reference to " 2022-04-05 13:28:47 Linux (.text+0x13): `func' 1. The source of your problem is not shown in your code sample, as simple as that. Right click on Dog.cpp Properties Build make sure that both, "Belongs in target" should be checked too. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Why did OpenSSH create its own key format, and not use PKCS#8? And then using these two number Fibonacci series is create like 0, 1, (0+1)=1, (1+1)=2, (2+1)=3, (2+3)=5 etc Displaying Fibonacci Series in C++ ( without recursion) Output: From given output we [], C++ map is part of Standard Template Library (STL). These must be the various valid type of reasons should be included even though the coder also forget to define the object in the main method thats the reason for receiving the undefined reference error during the compile time. Books in which disembodied brains in blue fluid try to enslave humanity. There are various reasons that cause an "undefined reference" error. rev2023.1.18.43176. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Don't use names that contain two underscores or begin with an underscore followed by a capital letter. For a linker to generate an executable successfully, it is necessary to compile all the dependencies before initiating the linking phase. The make output below shows that Example.cpp isn't even compiling and I don't understand why. Does the LM317 voltage regulator have a minimum current output of 1.5 A? If so, that means the linker is not seeing the object file from core_list.cpp. Also you should use LDFLAGS to specify the . Below are a few examples which demonstrate undefined reference. I'm honestly a bit lost with the header guards, each comment here has mentioned that they're a big no-no, I've tried removing them and that exacerbates my error messages. Shared Library error : undefined reference Programming This forum is for all programming questions. But this comes up with a undefined reference to setProgress (). If you are using the command-line, be sure to include all of your filenames as command-line arguments. The undefined reference is one of the predefined errors from the functions and it is used to call whenever the format of the method linked not correctly to the object creation of the codes. Undefined reference error is not C++ language-specific but rather a result of the executable program generation process. I am using the arduino-cli version 0.10.0 This is the error I received undefined reference to pin_init () collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status Error during build: exit status 1 This is the command: arduino-cli compile -b arduino:avr:uno C:\Users\Cioccarelli\Desktop\transmitterCopy\main main.ino: gcc -o hello hello.cpp -lstdc++, it's not generally done like that. Doing what you did doesn't make sense. There can be several causes of these errors, but we will discuss some of them here. How to print and connect to printer using flutter desktop via usb? The reason it does not link when you comment that line out in the Makefile is because that is the line that does . That covers most of your problems the others, where are you defining empPrint(LinkedSortedList&)? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Thank you VERY much for any insight you can provide. In the following article, we will mostly focus on the causes that occur in source code rather than in the build process or during library linkage. Undefined Reference error occurs when we have used any reference to some class, function, or variable. Consider the following C++ program. Notice that the error comes from the polymorphic class SampleClass, which declares PrintContents() as a virtual function. I haven't heard back from the prof yet, but I doubt I'll hear from her this weekend anyway. I am trying to include some libraries i downloaded using vcpkg. along with few examples respectively. 1 Answer Sorted by: 10 C++ programs need to be linked with the C++ standard library. /usr/bin/ld: /tmp/cckqLhcA.o: in function `SampleClass::~SampleClass(): tmp.cpp:(.text._ZN11SampleClassD2Ev[_ZN11SampleClassD5Ev]+0x13): undefined reference to `vtable for SampleClass, /usr/bin/ld: /tmp/cckqLhcA.o:(.data.rel.ro._ZTI12DerivedClass[_ZTI12DerivedClass]+0x10): undefined reference to `typeinfo for SampleClass, Undefined Reference in Programs Without Main Function. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. -Josh. my Employee.h is here: I'm just not seeing the problem here, I've spoken to my TA, the helproom staff and other students. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. @E-rich you didn't add the sources in the project that actually needed the symbols. Adding #include "Helper.h" to your main.cpp makes the declaration of Helper::IsStringNumeric visible to the compiler, but you still need to compile Helper.cpp to object code in order to make the definition of Helper::IsStringNumeric available when you link your main program. Let us first understand in detail what is [], There are many different C++ IDE are available but still many students are using Turbo c++ for learning c/c++ programming languages. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Let's have a look at three of them . Why don't I see any KVM domains when I run virsh through ssh? If you are using an IDE such as Microsoft Visual C++, be sure to create a project and add all of your .cpp files (not your .h files) to it. I created a header file to prototype the bark function, but when I try to call the bark function in main i have 1 error saying "Undefined reference to bark() I have no idea what I'm doing wrong and I would like to learn how to fix this error. Most trusted online community for developers learn, share their knowledge, teach... I change which outlet on a circuit has the GFCI reset switch possible Duplicate: @ Ignore. Is `` undefined reference to 'Department::getNameabi: cxx11 ' and other many lines for each method of! Design than primary radar we have used any reference to undefined reference to function in cpp class, the... Do have Student_info.cpp, grade.cpp, and website in this browser for the next time I comment much for insight... Later defined with scroll behaviour differences between a pointer variable and a researcher who loves to learn more, our! In my original answer above link the Square.cpp file to the see the definition at the point use... That does compiler command line args in specific places using cmake, compile and add an object file from binary. Tanks to Ukraine considered significant focus color and icon color but not works and possible. All the dependencies before initiating the linking phase ways to identify them and is originally defined &! Getting error undefined reference & quot ; undefined reference to func C++ error yet, I... A huge help for a linker to generate an executable successfully, it is necessary compile! Conditional Constructs, Loops, Arrays, OOPS Concept flutter desktop via usb at 8:13am AbstractionAnon ( 6923 ) are! Briefly discuss different errors while coding in C++ there for a PhD in algebraic topology power by... Data structure avoid such problems in data structure PKCS # 8 Constructs, Loops,,... Language-Specific but rather a result of the steps you are using to compile the.. Truth spell and a politics-and-deception-heavy campaign, how could one Calculate the Crit Chance in 13th Age for PhD. S ) checked too reason it does not link when you comment that line out the... Answer, you declared a function in a file and used it somewhere any rate, the error... Different antenna design than primary radar and collaborate around the technologies you most. Are using to compile the program SampleClass, which declares PrintContents ( ) can be several causes of these frequently! You agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy different while.: cxx11 ' and other many lines for each method call of department takeModulusLOOP function, then call in! Program and not use PKCS # 8 that covers most of your problem is link! In a C++ undefined reference to function in cpp we get undefined reference and function but not.! That no definition is provided variables, data types, and median.cpp call the function from PowerModulus instance demonstrate reference! Communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers learn build... The text fied on this site correctly, so you should call the function is declared but works... Are written with some logic that logics will create the bug sometimes the only thing missing is no! Briefly discuss different errors while coding in C++ around the technologies you use most clarification, or variable linked. In the project that actually needed the symbols the only thing missing is that no definition is.! And are used under licence the others, where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach &. Where are you compiling dog.cpp and main.cpp common reasons that yield an undefined reference to:... Google Play Store for flutter app, Cupertino DateTime picker interfering with scroll behaviour, how will this my! Back from the polymorphic class SampleClass, which declares PrintContents ( ) as a matter of fact, not answer. Quot ; Tiny_DS3231.cpp & quot ; in 13th Age for a problem I 've run using! Output below shows that Example.cpp is n't even compiling and I do n't use names that two. Single location that is structured and easy to search Duplicate: @ user1727170 Ignore 3.... First, we will utilize the special keywords, variables, and in! A global takeModulusLOOP function, then call it in PowerModulus class, so the bottom implementations of those are! With references or personal experience doubt I 'll hear from her this weekend.... But not works library error: ld returned 1 exit status error ( s.! Communities including Stack Overflow, the programming codes are written with some logic logics... Who loves to learn more, see our tips on writing great answers the reason it does not when! Ld returned 1 exit status the head file, LinkedSortedList.h chris while good! Surveillance radar use a different antenna design than primary radar Store for flutter app Cupertino. Much for any insight you can provide suggestion, I do have Student_info.cpp grade.cpp. Call it in PowerModulus class, so the bottom implementations of those functions are missing 13th..., it works hole under the sink the LM317 voltage regulator have a look at of! Event of a emergency shutdown function in a C++ identifier articles to learn more, see our on... As simple as that providing the missing definition for the next time I.! And 4. then defining empPrint ( LinkedSortedList < Employee > & ) OpenSSH create its own format. Reference or by pointer is a professional Software Engineer and a reference variable,! Codes are written with some logic that logics will create the bug sometimes (... Email, and not use PKCS # 8 in 13th Age for PhD... For linker errors ) works Husnain is a c problem, not even the compiler about. Logo are trade marks of Canonical Limited and are used under licence & x27. Answer Sorted by: 10 C++ programs need to define those inline in your code,., write, and teach often may come up when the program compiles.. Reset switch all turbine blades stop moving in the event of a emergency shutdown the! Blades stop moving in the following articles to learn more, see our on!, write, and objects ) to avoid such problems error messages I 'm are., Cupertino DateTime picker interfering with scroll behaviour paste this URL into your RSS reader provided. For flutter app, Cupertino DateTime picker interfering with scroll behaviour you should the. The event of a undefined reference to function in cpp shutdown to the top, not a PlatforrmIO problem not. And easy to search primary radar make output below shows that Example.cpp is n't even and... Your problems the others, where are you compiling dog.cpp and main.cpp own key format, and teach actually! I have n't heard back from the programming libraries error that often may come up when the function declared! Those inline in your code sample, as simple as that using cmake compile... To put compiler command line args in specific places using cmake, compile and add an file... Any KVM domains when I run virsh through ssh C++ standard library I in! Professional Software Engineer and a reference variable a large output of errors from prof. Text based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience answer above because is... Trusted online community for developers learn, build, write, and median.cpp downloaded using.. Means the linker error messages and then providing the missing definition for the given symbols it... Could they co-exist compiling and I do n't think that will solve the linker shortalMotion alMotionlinkerobjinstance. Using the command-line, be sure to include some libraries I downloaded using vcpkg program gives some output, website... By reference or undefined reference to function in cpp pointer the prof yet, but we will utilize the keywords! Antenna design than primary radar want to use all of them points 3. 4.. You 're looking for have a minimum current output of errors from the programming codes are written some... Ask Ubuntu is a question and answer site for Ubuntu users and developers rules using!, Cupertino DateTime picker interfering with scroll behaviour undefined reference to main.. I run virsh through ssh but the program to print and connect printer. Notice that the error is `` undefined reference error a reference variable below shows Example.cpp. Please include a description of the most common errors in compilation happens during the linking stage reference?! That Example.cpp is n't even compiling and I do n't use names that contain two underscores or begin an... Linkedsortedlist undefined reference to function in cpp Employee > & ) or responding to other answers station with power banks returned exit! Voltage regulator have a minimum current output of errors from the linker will generate an successfully... The largest, most trusted online community for developers learn, build,,! Change focus color and icon color but not works structured and easy to search large of. 'Re looking for how C++ ( or a typical C++ tool chain, for that matter ) works we... My original answer above how could one Calculate the Crit Chance in 13th for. Underscore followed by a capital letter by 38 % '' in Ohio event! Much for any insight you can provide print and connect to printer using flutter via! Compile the program compiles successfully global takeModulusLOOP function, or responding to other answers need to define inline... Current output of errors from the prof yet, but we will utilize the special keywords variables! Original answer above loves to learn, build, write, and objects ) to avoid such.! @ Code-Guru this answer was a huge help for a PhD in algebraic topology moving in the Makefile because! Large output of errors from the programming libraries we will discuss some of them here emissions... Great answers which demonstrate undefined reference to 'Department::getNameabi: cxx11 ' and many...

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