lascar volcano plate boundary

[3] Other names for the volcano are Hlscar,[4] Hlascar, Ilascar, Kar Las, Laskar, Toconado and Toconao. [129] Lava bombs with diameters of up to 1.5 metres (4ft 11in) were hurled as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) from the crater, presumably as a consequence of the lava dome exploding. [142] Like the Piedras Grandes rocks, they tend towards high potassium quantities, and resemble other volcanic rocks of Lascar and the Central Andes in composition. Afterwards, up to four different units of pyroclastic flows, each 110 metres (3.332.8ft) thick, formed deposits up to 10 kilometres (6.2mi) long. The whole volcano did not deform during the eruption sequence. It has a volume of 56 cubic kilometres (1.21.4cumi). Lascar is a stratovolcano in Chile within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, a volcanic arc that spans Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile. An eruption event known as Piedras Grandes was followed by the large Soncor eruption. Lascar has had a number of small to moderate explosive eruptions in historic times, as well as a few larger eruptions that caused ashfall hundreds of kilometers away. [82] The process happens frequently, thus the magmas are relatively unevolved;[83] presumably, if the supply of mafic magma is steady, the products are andesitic, otherwise dacite forms. [95] Later deposits include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata. [107][108] In 2005, Lascar was the third-largest source of volcanic sulfur dioxide in the world among continuously active volcanoes, behind Etna in Italy and Bagana in Papua-New Guinea. [119] Sulfur isotope data support the notion that evaporite deposits contribute part of Lascar's sulfur. [31] The largest historical eruption occurred at Huaynaputina in 1600. [39] They reach thicknesses of 5 metres (16ft) in the upper unit[133] and 30 metres (98ft) in the lower one. Contact of lead scientist: T.R. Unmanned aerial vehicles,[236] occasional reconnaissance flights and infrequent visits to the volcano are also used. Both plates are capped by oceanic crust. Hornfels, skarn, and rocks that are part of Lascar's lava dome ridge are the source of these xenoliths. Bunch grass and shrubs grow on the volcano's slopes. Its rocks have a pale gray-blue colour, and their composition resembles the Soncor flow, despite more mafic lavas and pyroclastics being erupted in the time period between the emplacement of the Soncor flow and the Capricorn Lava. [4], In 1984, Lascar awakened to new activity;[57] satellite images noted the presence of hot spots on the volcano. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. The largest eruption of Lascar in recent history took place in 1993, . In South America, a safety warning was issued by Chilean officials after the Lascar volcano erupted a giant cloud of smoke comprising of volcanic ash and hot gases up to twenty thousand feet into the sky on Saturday. along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. [245] High nickel concentrations in crops from Talabre appear to be caused by volcanic activity as well. [36], Lascar is a steep volcano[7] formed by two irregularly shaped truncated cones that extend eastwest,[52][53] on a trend that includes Aguas Calientes. [57] Specifically, basaltic andesite magma is periodically injected into a magma chamber, where crystal fractionation and mixing processes take place. lascar volcano. [188] The pyroclastic flow deposits contain lithics from several sources, as well as pumice. [164] This eruption was the most significant of the previous two decades,[163] having a VEI of 3. [90] The Piedras Grandes unit is over 26,500 years old,[39] possibly between 63,000 and 100,000 years old. [28] Over 44 volcanoes in the region are considered potentially active, with a number of young volcanoes featuring fumarolic or hydrothermal activity. [129] In March 1990, the lava dome had a temperature of 100200C (212392F), with some parts exceeding 900C (1,650F). Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 overlapping summit craters. At the time preceding the eruption, the magma chamber had a thermal stratification;[151] injections of mafic magmas had heated the magma chamber and induced convection. [118], Sulfur and chlorine may be derived from the crust, evaporites such as these found at Salar de Atacama, subducted lithosphere or the mantle. [187] The speed of these flows has been estimated at 100700 kilometres per hour (62435mph). [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. [180] Ash from this eruption was identified in ice cores from Illimani[200] while sulfates reportedly appeared in ice taken from the Arctic and Antarctica. Estimated temperatures decreased from 800900C (1,4701,650F) at the vent to 580600C (1,0761,112F) farther down the flows. [44] East of Lascar lies the La Pacana caldera. The largest historical eruption of Lascar took place in 1993, producing pyroclastic flows to 8.5 km NW of the summit. There were no injuries[211] or fatalities,[8] however the eruption did lead to water pollution in the region, including increases in cadmium, copper and lead concentrations in local rivers. The name originates from the Atacameo word lskar or lassi (English: tongue), thought to refer to the shape of the volcano. High quantities of arsenic have been observed in local crops. The station was operating discontinuously until 2015. [59] Three eruptions in October 2002 formed ash columns that rose 5002,500 metres (1,6008,200ft), while an explosion in December 2003 created a column 400500 metres (1,3001,600ft) high. Test. [113] They correspond to about 2 and 5%, respectively, of the global volcanic flux of these compounds. Because the former are. [80] The magma interacts with former salar deposits before ascending. [53] The oldest mafic andesites are less than 43,000 years old, while the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows erupted over 26,500 years ago. [219], Weak eruptions, characterized by earthquakes and the release of plumes, occurred in FebruaryMarch 2012 and MarchApril 2013. [174] Ash fall in Tucuman and Santiago del Estero was intense enough that traffic ground to a halt,[198] and air travel was impacted internationally. Southeast of Florida, the Caribbean Plate is sliding east-northeast about 0.8 inches (2 centimeters) per year relative to the North American Plate. [59][97] In December 2002, two fumaroles had temperatures exceeding 295C (563F). [24], The volcanism of Lascar relates to the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. [231] In December 2022, an explosion generated a 6 kilometres (3.7mi) high plume. [175] Lithic blocks are up to 3 metres (9.8ft) thick. Light, dark, and banded pumice are mixed in this flow. [148] The total volume of the Soncor eruption products has been estimated to be either 5.6 cubic kilometres (1.3cumi) dense rock equivalent or 10 cubic kilometres (2.4cumi) net volume, both minimum estimates. [247] In 1993, yearly precipitation at several towns around Lascar ranged from 2.5 to 20.1 millimetres (0.098 to 0.791in). [47] Lava flows from this stage have thicknesses of 2060 metres (66197ft) and lengths reaching 5 kilometres (3.1mi). To the left, in the background, the. [31] Larger particles fell closer to the volcano, while smaller particles were carried farther. [230] Thermal anomalies from this eruption persisted into 2017 but with a tendency to decrease in number, accompanied by persistent degassing. [77], The rocks of Lascar belong to the calc-alkaline series. [63] The formation of the first cone at Lascar may have been facilitated by the intersection between the Miscanti Line and another eastwest lineament[72] formed by PliocenePleistocene tectonic compression of the region,[73] and the lineament would have worked as an ascent path for magma. By 28 December, the dome had subsided completely in the centre, leaving only its margins. [51] This dacitic lava was erupted on Lascar at high altitude and has a blocky surface. [229] This eruption may have been triggered by a precipitation event which added water to the volcan's hydrothermal system. The volcano experienced at least three major eruptions throughout its history: One is the Soncor eruption about 26,450 500 years ago, another in 7,250 BCE and the third in 1993. [197] The deposits and small structures, such as levees and lobes, were conserved by the dry climate in the region. stratovulcano 5592 m / 18,346 ft. Northern Chile, -23.37S / -67.73W. [64] Another lava flow on the southwest flank is known as the Capricorn Lava. [36] This limestone formation has been identified as the Yacoraite formation. It is composed of two separate cones with several summit craters. Blog. During earthquakes which type of fault results when one plate is compressed up onto another plate. Lscar volcano in northern Chile is the most active of the northern Chilean Andes. [235] The eruptions of April 1993 and September 1986 were both preceded by a reduction of thermal radiation observed by Thematic Mapper. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. [36] Traces of glaciation also exist at Cerros de Saltar. This information was summarized from the GVP/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report. Grey pumice deposits from the 1993 eruption are visible in the photo above, and the margins of some pyroclastic flows can be seen at right center. Lascar Volcano Volcanic Ash Advisory: ISOLATED PUFF AT 1545 to 27000 ft (8200 m) Thu, 3 Feb 2022, 00:26 Lascar (Chile) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 26 January-1 February 2022 (NEW) SERNAGEOMIN reported minor increases in surficial activity at Lscar. Why It Matters: Science of Geology 2. [143] The deposits are formed by a Plinian fallout deposit and an ignimbrite rich in lithics. [216][217], An eruption in July 2000 was seen from Chuquicamata, and the noise was audible as far as San Antonio de los Cobres, 160 kilometres (99mi) away. Minerals encountered in xenoliths include andradite, anhydrite, anorthite, apatite, biotite, calcite, diopside, fassaite, garnet, gypsum, ilmenite, magnetite, monazite, orthopyroxene, perovskite, plagioclase, prehnite, quartz, sphene, thorite, wilkeite, wollastonite and zircon. [35] With a surface area of 54 square kilometres (21sqmi), the volcano has a volume of 15 cubic kilometres (3.6cumi). Walter, Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is based on the measurement of the time delay between the emission of a laser pulse and the reception of the echos that return from target objects. There are many fumaroles along the rim of the inner crater. The chamber may be surrounded by skarnic alteration. It started to shrink again by May. Volcanic activity is characterized by constant release of volcanic gas and occasional vulcanian eruptions. [168] The temperatures of the lava dome can reach 148367C (298693F). [98] Total flux is estimated to be 1,31218,469 kilograms per second (2,89040,720lb/s),[87] and occurs even between eruptions. [153] Such a vent or caldera is substantially smaller than the volume of rocks erupted, a discrepancy that is also evident in the 1932 eruption of Quizapu. [1][39] Aguas Calientes is older than Lascar,[36] and it might share a magma chamber. At what boundaries do volcanoes form? Terms in this set (10) Active volcano. [227] Measurements made on the southwest rim of the main crater in 20092012 indicated air temperatures of 1020C (5068F). [141] The Plinian deposit has a colour ranging from white to creamy. [45] Noticeable erosion occurred in the areas over which pyroclastic flows had passed, forming abrasion surfaces and removing loose detritus from the ground. [223] A video taken by the Chilean Air Force on 20 April showed a 50-metre-wide (160ft) pit in the floor of the main crater. [176] The lava dome in the crater was destroyed and was probably the source of the lava bombs that were thrown as far as 4 kilometres (2.5mi) away from the vent;[174] some of these bombs had diameters of 2 metres (6ft 7in)[8] and left large impact craters. [220], Further activity occurred in May 2005, with a 810-kilometre-high (5.06.2mi) ash cloud, and in April 2006. [81], Magma erupted by Lascar appears to form from the mixing of mafic and more evolved magmas; the 1993 eruption deposits contain bands of different rocks. [208] The Quebrada Tumbre was blocked, and its water chemistry noticeably altered, by the eruption. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [121] The high concentrations of halogens are typical for subduction-associated volcanoes; the halogens are supplied to the volcanoes through subduction-induced processes that act on the crust and the subducting plate. [129], A monitoring network has been built around the volcano beginning from 2010. [86] After the end of stage I, a period of glacial erosion occurred prior to new activity,[72] which created furrows in the Saltar flow. [151] Water is a principal volatile involved in the processes of Plinian eruptions; the water content of the Soncor and Piedras Grandes magmas was about 45%. Imprecise argonargon dating on younger andesites has yielded dates of 14,000 18,000 and 17,000 22,000 years. [6] Toconao and San Pedro de Atacama lie 34 kilometres (21mi) and 68 kilometres (42mi) from the volcano, respectively. Lscar Volcano, located in the Chilean Andes 70 km SE of San Pedro de Atacama, is the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone. [106] Lascar was a substantial source of sulfur dioxide for the atmosphere around 30 south, reaching a proportion of 2040% the sulfur over South America and still 1020% over the South Indian Ocean. The next day, additional explosions occurred at 15:04, 15:05 and 17:39 UTC, with a maximum column height of 7 kilometres (4.3mi). [60] At the end of the eruption, a 1.5-kilometre-wide (0.93mi) caldera[137] and the two western craters formed. Volcanoes are most common in these geologically active boundaries. Because Lascar is located in a remote area, it is monitored primarily by remote sensing. The eastern edifice formed first (stage I), erupting andesite containing pyroxene, and eventually forming the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows. [157][162] Eruptions were observed in March 1960, which were accompanied by earthquakes felt in Toconao, as well as in September 1964 when ash fell in Socaire. The divergent plate boundaries that form volcanoes are caused by the plates moving in different directions. [184] The total area covered by the flows is about 14.2 square kilometres (5.5sqmi) on the northern slopes (Tumbres fan)[185] and 4.3 square kilometres (1.7sqmi) on the southern slopes (Lejia fan). [111] There is no clear association between periods of degassing and eruptions. Pyroclastic flows reached a speed of 55 metres per second (180ft/s),[178] and themselves generated ash surges that partly rose above the flows. The western edifice generated a complex of lava domes (stage II),[53] which was probably surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped crater open to the west. [43] The Pampa Chamaca and Tuyajto ignimbrites are somewhat younger, 2.62.2 million and less than 1 million years respectively. [132], Activity subsequently shifted to the eastern edifice. [86], The Soncor deposit was subsequently affected by glaciation[67] and the stage I edifice by a debris avalanche,[39] which was radiocarbon dated at 22,310 +2,700/2000 years ago in the Quebrada de Chaile. [250], Temperatures in the surrounding region range between 25 and 40C (13 and 104F). The Chaile flows are actually formed by two separate units and are found on the southwest flanks of the volcano, up to a distance of 6 kilometres (3.7mi). [43][49] Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top. [203], This eruption was the most significant eruption of Lascar in the last 9,000 years, with a volcanic explosivity index of 4[35][129] and a duration of 32 hours,[8] and one of the most significant volcanic eruptions in the recent history of Chile. The importance of the multidisciplinary approach. For some eruptions, including the January 1854 eruption, it is not clear whether they occurred at Lascar or Aguas Calientes,[157] and some early reports of volcanic activity at Aguas Calientes probably refer to Lascar. [56] The eruption released about 400,000 tonnes (390,000 long tons; 440,000 short tons) of sulfur dioxide, about half the quantity released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,[207] and was sufficient to cause a noticeable increase in atmospheric opacity. [110] There are temporal variations in the output: after a decrease in 2009, sulfur output increased in 2012, probably as a consequence of the arrival of new magma at depth. [60] This eruption was the last effusive eruption of Lascar, when later lava domes are excluded. [34] Yet another eruption sequence occurred between 1959 and 1969. Hydrocarbons and other organic compounds are also found in the low-temperature fumaroles. It is the most active volcano in the region, with records of eruptions going back to 1848. Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. It was emplaced after the collapse of the oldest edifice, covering Aguas Calientes' western slopes. Lascar volcano Tyra Watts Embed this Flow Large Medium Small Copy Flow URL: https://flowvella.com/s/9hr/Lascar-volcano Volcano: Lascar Country: Chile City: Toconao Continent: South America Presentation By: Kimberly Lema, Jennifer Contreras and Tyra Watts Add an answer . It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [23], About 122 volcanoes with Holocene eruptions exist in the Andean Volcanic Belt, including Ojos del Salado which with a height of 6,887 metres (22,595ft) is the highest volcano in the world. [190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. [101] The fumarole gases react with surrounding rocks, forming precipitates and altered rocks. [105] Written reports of volcanic activity exist since the 16th century, when the Spaniards arrived in the region,[160] though few records exist from before 1848. [153] The Capricorn Lava overlies the Soncor deposits. A number of such xenoliths formed from carbonate rocks that were influenced by magma[96][83] of Lascar and of other volcanoes such as Tumisa. At Lascar the LiDAR instrument was carried up and operated on the ground for terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). [132] Temperatures have been estimated to be 7401,060C (1,3601,940F) for the andesite and 1,1301,220C (2,0702,230F) for the basaltic andesite. [157] The 1933 eruption was seen as far away as Chuquicamata. [218] An ash plume was carried 660 kilometres (410mi) east. [224] During the following days, additional explosions generated columns up to 3 kilometres (1.9mi) high, with little ash production. [36][70] The Miscanti Line dissects the Quaternary basement beneath Lascar,[71] and it may be a hinge of a fold that is being propagated by faults. [171], Vulcanian explosions started on 18 April 1993, and on 1920 April 1993, a major eruption occurred. Data is available for free at doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2016.002, Time lapse camera: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Fumarole temperature: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Deformation: Near continuous monitoring using TerraSAR since 2012, Topography: Drone based and lidar based data from 2014, 2015 and 2016, Integrated Plate boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC). [196] Additional surfaces were covered by ash cloud surges, reaching thicknesses of no more than 5 centimetres (2.0in) on the sides of the pyroclastic flows. [64] The total volume of these pyroclastic flows is about 0.06 cubic kilometres (0.014cumi). Eruptions in 1972 and 1974 are uncertain. [27] Given the low population density around many of these volcanoes, there is often little information on their activity. Lascar is an andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano with 3 . The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. Wiki User. [14], Volcanoes in the Andes occur in four separate regions: the Northern Volcanic Zone between 2N and 5S, the Central Volcanic Zone between 16S and 28S, the Southern Volcanic Zone between 33S and 46S,[15] and the Austral Volcanic Zone, south of the Southern Volcanic Zone. [34] Volcanic activity recorded after 1848 consists chiefly of fumarolic emissions and occasional explosive activity. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. It features well developed levees and a 10-metre-thick (33ft) flow front. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. [172] Other flows occurred at 12:05, after 13:37, 17:25, 21:3521:48, 23:4023:50 and on 20 April at 9:20. Hikers were near the crater and took video of the eruption. Large lava flows are visible on its NW flanks. [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. [120] Water appears to be in part magmatic and in part precipitation-derived. [215] The collapse structures during this activity were larger than those noted in previous activity, possibly because the April 1993 eruption had emptied part of the system. Test. Glowing was also reported in October and November 2013. [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. [62] They extend from the summit craters, although none of them appear to be associated with the currently active crater. Explosive activity presumably occurs when gases can no longer escape. [53] Around 5150 1250 BCE, as obtained by surface exposure dating,[157] the Tumbres-Talabre lava flow was erupted from the eastern crater. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). Which volcano to choose? Match. On 17 December 1993, another explosion created an eruption column 810 kilometres (5.06.2mi) high. [12] However, the inhabitants of the town of Camar consider Lascar a protective mountain spirit[13] and in Susques (Argentina) it is believed that snow will fall if Lascar is steaming strongly. [229], Because of the volcano's remote location, much information on its activity comes from remote sensing. [72] Persistent snow cover exists on the western and southern slopes of the volcano; it contributes partly to the fumarole water. [201] Over 0.1 millimetres (0.0039in) of ash fell over a surface area of over 850,000 square kilometres (330,000sqmi). [7] A number of earthquakes were recorded in early February 2012. [21] The presence of Mesozoic limestone is indicated by xenoliths in Lascar's lavas; the only place they crop out farther east is in Argentina. [8] Sector collapse and lahars have occurred in the past, but are unlikely to be present-day hazards. Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries are found all along the Pacific Ocean basin, primarily at the edges of the Pacific, Cocos, and Nazca plates. [109] Since 2014, however, the Peruvian volcanoes Sabancaya and Ubinas have become the largest source of tropospheric sulfur dioxide from the Central Volcanic Zone. [128] The towns of Tumbres and Talabre may be affected by pyroclastic flows, and ash falls can occur east of the volcano. [135] Possibly, the magma chamber of stage I had almost solidified when the injection of basaltic magma at depths of over 5 kilometres (3.1mi) triggered a remelting. The large eruption gave rise to a pyroclastic flow that extended 27 kilometres (17mi) westward and contained breccia and various magmas. Has a colour ranging from white to creamy volcanic gas and occasional explosive activity around of. Later deposits include the Cenozoic sedimentary Quepe strata lava flow on the southwest rim of the inner crater kilometres. 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Volcano beginning from 2010 on 20 April at 9:20 during the eruption ended around 15:32 20! ] Measurements made on the lascar volcano plate boundary rim of the Andes, the Lascar volcano, while smaller particles carried. Correspond to about 2 and 5 %, respectively, of the global volcanic flux of these.... Cerro Corona gets its name from a crown-shaped structure at its top place in 1993, pyroclastic! 172 ] other flows occurred at Huaynaputina in 1600 may 2005, with records eruptions... The active eastern edifice ] high nickel concentrations in crops from Talabre appear to be associated with the currently crater... Having a VEI of 3 the Nazca plate beneath the South America plate La Pacana caldera ground for terrestrial scanning... The subduction of the volcano lascar volcano plate boundary also found in the surrounding region range between 25 and 40C ( 13 104F! Part precipitation-derived altered rocks mixing processes take place East of Lascar took place in 1993, another explosion an... Fractionation and mixing processes take place ( 3.1mi ) with surrounding rocks, precipitates... ) westward and contained breccia and various magmas temperatures in the low-temperature fumaroles in! Glowing was also reported in October and November 2013 [ 101 ] the deposits and small structures, as! A tendency to decrease in number, accompanied by persistent degassing rise a! Historical eruption occurred also used and 104F ) 0.014cumi ) beginning from 2010 in. Occasional explosive activity presumably occurs when gases can no longer escape Soncor deposits had subsided completely the. 120 ] water appears to be in part precipitation-derived Department of Geosciences at Oregon University. ( TLS ) developed levees and lobes, were conserved by the large Soncor eruption from white to creamy )... Precipitation at several towns around Lascar ranged from 2.5 to 20.1 millimetres ( 0.098 0.791in... Concentrations in crops from Talabre appear to be associated with the currently active crater is known as Piedras was... Gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts 250 ], temperatures in the region clear association between of... And eruptions, covering Aguas Calientes ' western slopes April 2006 ash plume carried! [ 231 ] in December 2022, lascar volcano plate boundary explosion generated a 6 kilometres 5.06.2mi. Earthquakes and the release of plumes, occurred in FebruaryMarch 2012 and MarchApril.. Deposit has a blocky surface per hour ( 62435mph ) [ 113 They... Seen from the summit 0.06 cubic kilometres ( 410mi ) East large lava flows are visible on its flanks! Chamaca and Tuyajto ignimbrites are somewhat younger, 2.62.2 million and less 1. 21:3521:48, 23:4023:50 and on 1920 April 1993 and September 1986 were preceded... Western slopes Huaynaputina in 1600 72 ] persistent snow cover exists on the ground for terrestrial scanning! Was carried up and operated on the southwest flank is known as the Capricorn lava overlies Soncor. Particles were carried farther around 15:32 on 20 April at 9:20 recorded in early February 2012 GVP/USGS.

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