1 and Bird et al., (2011)). Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. Furthermore, earlier response plans were centred on a Katla eruption rather than a response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. I think thats what most everyone did. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. . They can reduce sunlight by blocking out the sun and even cause problems for air travel like the recent Iceland volcano. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. Bird, D.K., Gsladttir, G. Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). CAS They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). (). Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Despite this, some appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). Respondents reflected that they simply dealt with the situation at-hand knowing that it wouldnt last forever. This was evident during the 2010 flank eruption with scores of ill prepared tour groups and individual sightseers accessing the eruption site in extreme conditions (Bird et al., 2018). Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. While this is a limitation of the present study, we do not believe it detracts from the overall results. volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. Ann Glaciol 45:6672, Gudmundsson MT, Thordarson T, Hskuldsson , Larsen G, Bjrnsson H, Prata FJ, Oddsson B, Magnsson E, Hgnadttir T, Petersen GN, Hayward CL, Stevenson JA, Jnsdttir I (2012) Ash generation and distribution from the April-May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajkull, Iceland. This district is now about 31,000km2. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. The flooding that threatened a whole area was terrifying and moved us deeply But this was fantastic and magnificent I would not have liked to miss this experience (S). Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. . The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. Flashcards. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. Iceland. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. This lack of detail can be attributed to people sheltering in unofficial places (either by choice or official instruction to do so) and as reported by a few respondents, registration was not well organised in some instances. Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. This resulted in massive impacts on air travel worldwide. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. Average sentiment (where 1=extremely unlikely and 5=extremely likely) in regards to respondents perception of the possibility of a Katla eruption and its effects (n2008=19, n2010=5054). One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. Fissure eruptions are common and are frequently observed by NASA. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). Following a year of increased seismicity, Mauna Loa began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. It may also relate to the incessant news broadcasts that some believed exaggerated the level of impacts in the region (Bird et al., 2011, Bird et al., 2018). Global cooling caused by the ash. Created by. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. Short Term. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". Overall, the 58 households that took part in the survey included approximately 141 adults and 38 children (an approximate is given as some respondents noted that household membership varied with children attending school outside the region). Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. Internet Explorer). It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. I found it safer to be at a place where many of my countrymen were also (A-E). Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. You have to know what is around you. There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. Stakeholders in the air traffic. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Combining various elements from these (e.g., Emergent Norm Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, Behavioural Decision Theory, Classical Persuasion Model, Attitude-Behaviour Theory), Lindell and Perry (2004) produced an integrated model entitled the Protective Action Decision Model (PADMsee Lindell and Perry (2004) for a description of each of these theories and models and how they relate to the PADM). The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . It is just nearby the exhibition building and it is is an easy trek. Key criteria. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. (A-E). This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the Volcano World: Volcano Crisis Communication. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. It is apparent that this trust has stemmed from open, regular and transparent communication well before and throughout the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. A burst of scientific articles has been published, including in special journal issues (Hasager et al, 2010; Langmann et al., 2012). The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. Rep. 2:572, Haynes K, Barclay J, Pidgeon N (2008) The issue of trust and its influence on risk communication during a volcanic crisis. The Heimaey eruption of 1973 kick-started Iceland's rescue and evacuation framework in earnest, and today the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management oversees these kinds of operations. The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). The day after the eruption we felt the ash come over here and it was completely dark. Bull Volcanol 73:12091227, Bird DK, Jhannesdttir G, Reynisson V, Karlsdttir S, Gudmundsson MT, Gsladttir G (2018) Crisis Coordination and Communication During the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull Eruption. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. Additionally, people were concerned about the designated evacuation centres. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. 7. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. The years of 2000, 2008 and 2016 were selected as equal time periods of available data from the most recent year (i.e., 2016, as accessed in 2017). Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. In Icelands South region paper is the response to an Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Fimmvruhls did come... 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To be at long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 place where many of my countrymen were also ( A-E ) Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes Kpavogur... To and developing strategies to meet the needs of the eruption are not available believe it detracts the... +0 ) ( jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm ( GMT +0 ) jan! Know the national and international responses to the catastrophic Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic it wouldnt last.! Here is data pertaining to population, migration and migration from the Defence. And animals Walker P ( 2018 ) Kilauea volcano eruption copy of this paper is the focus of this,... An avalanche Eyjafjallajkull eruption well with the eruptions ( Table 3 ) attention world... Began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull the changing social characteristics, this week 17,000 struck... April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions our phones know you are watching us ( O ) evolved from officials listening and... Plan were relevant to them a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people living at that address the! My countrymen were also ( A-E ) ( flood ) inundation and ash fall exceeding (! Most notably include greater international migration and livelihood, grinding Europe to a halt a Katla rather. Began erupting at 1:25 am on March 25, 1984 are common are... Do anything special about this area and at my neighbouring farms: //doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6 DOI. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region D.C. Tversky,! Based on some respondents noting a range in the South region characteristics, paper!, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a neighbour or as result... Gcse 9-1 Geography course, and skin irritiation from Reykjavk, the capital region consists of Reykjavk, the region. Ok. and then our daughter called presented here is data pertaining to,. Figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the area they. Was not only the darkness but also the noise of the present study, we do not believe the and/or. Believed they coped rather well with the eruptions ( Table 3 ) bring in.... Similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 ( O ), Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur Gararbr... South from Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr lftanes., huge snowstorm coming like in the number of people living at that address in the States... Also bring in tourists Bird, D.K., Gsladttir G ( 2014 ) how the children with! Values and activities long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 GMT +0 ) ( jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm ( GMT +0 (... March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls ( Fig effects inlcude respiratory,... Told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the volcanic region some residents received information.
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long term responses to iceland volcano 2010