mariel boatlift passenger names

Miami Stories allows for anyone to submit their personal experience ofEl Efecto Marieland to help create a growing archive that will be available to all online. The storming of that embassy in Havana by nearly 11,000 Cubans in April 1980 precipitated the Mariel Boatlift. I was fortunate to visit the Miami Herald 's Mariel exhibit at the Cuba According to Clemens and Hunt, the compositional effect accounts for the entire impact of the Mariel boatlift on the wages of native workers estimated by Borjas. By April 25 as many as 300 boats were picking up refugees in Mariel Harbor. Did the Jan. 6 committee give social media companies a pass? In a calculated move, Castro took advantage of Carter's open-arms policy to forcefully deport thousands of convicted criminals, mentally ill people, gay men, and prostitutes; he viewed this move as purging the island of what he termed escoria (scum). Most refugees were ordinary Cubans. . Seventy-one percent of them were Black or of mixed-race and working-class, which was not the case for the earlier waves of exiles, who were disproportionately white, wealthy, and educated. La odisea del Mariel: un testimonio sobre el xodo y los sucesos de la embajada de Per en la Habana. Minneapolis, MN 55455 The 1980 Census was also adjusted to include Mariel children to ensure that additional assistance would be available to them through the Miami-Dade County Public Schools via Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Many of them settled in the Miami area and became legal U.S. residents under the Cuban Adjustment Act. Mobs would sometimes beat their targets, force them to walk around with accusatory signs on their necks, or trash their homes. Mariel Boatlift Exodus 1980 Passenger list and testimonies. From April until October some 125,000 Cuban immigrants (nicknamed Marielitos) crossed the Straits of Florida to the United States, severely straining the capacity of U.S. immigration and resettlement facilities. Peril and Promise (1980-2000): The Latino Americans, Race Relations: Afro-Cubans (segment from Cuban America), TheMarielBoatlift: Emigration from Cuba (segment from Cuba: The Daughters of Fidel), Voices fromMariel: LosMarielitos, Then and Now, Cubamerican: a Million Refugees Quest for Freedom, C-Span: Cuban Refugees and the 1980 Mariel Boatlift, La imaginacin literaria de la generacin del Mariel. "Mariel Boatlift Cuban refugee task force. The Revolution from Within: Cuba, 1959-1980, Making Migrants 'Criminal': The Mariel Boatlift, Miami, and U.S. Immigration Policy in the 1980s, Bibliography for the Mariel-Cuban Diaspora. Who was he and what do you read in his expression? Tim Chapman/Miami Herald/Getty Images. 17 Jan. 2023 . The last characteristic was especially important since 60 percent of Marielitos did not complete high school. [29], After the arrival of thousands of refugees, Florida Governor Bob Graham declared a state of emergency in Monroe and Dade Counties on April 28. Bibliography for the Mariel-Cuban Diaspora. non-Hispanic (as the best approximation to the native-born), Felix Delgado, rapper and songwriter known as, Ras Juan Perez, founder of the Cuban reggae band, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 11:46. In April 1980, however, thousands of Cubans went to the Peruvian embassy seeking asylum from the oppressive regime. Our phone number is 800-989-8255. Mariel boatlift, mass emigration of people from Cuba to the United States by boat in April-October 1980. . The Exile Experience: Journey to Freedom = El exilio cubano: Un viaje a la libertad. Some of them were given the option between emigration and jail time, in order to encourage their departure from the island. He is retired, after having worked for 18 years at the Museum of Modern Art, where he now serves as a volunteer. U.S. 1980 diplomatic protection incident at the Peruvian Embassy, Havana, Immigration detention in the United States, "Carter Sharply Attacks Cuba, Saying Use of Troops Hurts Peace Moves", "Cuban Exiles Visiting Home Find Identity", "U.S. and Cuba Prepare to Draft a Maritime Agreement", "Man, Jailed in Plot on Castro, Is Among 400 to Be Freed", "Venezuela Recalls Envoy to Protest Cuba Incident", "2,000 Who Want to Leave Cuba Crowd Peru's Embassy in Havana", "Havana Removes Guard from Peruvian Embassy", "Havana Says It Seeks to Ease Plight of 10,000 at the Peruvian Embassy", "Cuba Trucking Food and Water to Throng at Peruvian Embassy", "Crowd at Havana Embassy Grows; 10,000 Reported Seeking Asylum", "Peru Appeals for Aid in Resettling Cubans at Embassy", "Cuba Reported Issuing Documents So Thousands Can Leave Embassy", "Peruvian Warns of Health Peril to Cubans at Embassy", "U.S. Agrees to Admit up to 3,500 Cubans from Peru Embassy", "Castro launches Mariel boatlift, April 20, 1980", "The impact of the Mariel Boatlift still resonates in Florida after 38 years", "Miami City Commission Picks East Little Havana Task Force", "E. Little Havana Task Force Meets, Elects Officers", "Study Examines East Little Havana Redevelopment", "Race, Gender, and Class in the Persistence of the Mariel Stigma Twenty Years after the Exodus from Cuba", "Five Years Later, Overriding Crime Is Mariel Legacy", "The Impact of the Mariel boatlift on the Miami Labor Market", "How Did the Miami Labor Market Absorb the Mariel Immigrants? You will have to sign with your University of Miami Canes card if you are accessing them remotely. [17] Peru tried to organize an international relief program,[19] and it won commitments first from Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela to help with resettlement,[20] and then from Spain, which agreed to accept 500. The expansive nature of the program is aimed at providing a discursive and interactive space from which to study the many aspects of Mariel in an in-depth and critical manner. Mariel boatlift, mass emigration of people from Cuba to the United States by boat in AprilOctober 1980. And even many of the remaining 40 percent who had completed high school were looking for unskilled jobs because of their lack of linguistic and other skills. . "What Was the Mariel Boatlift From Cuba? We had people burst into tears at the simple sight of their name on our database, said Yanez. Looking for a Space: Lesbians and Gay Men in Cuba. . Federal civilian police agencies such as the General Services Administration's Federal Protective Service provided officers to maintain order inside the gates of the relocation centers. At that time, images of overcrowded boats dominated the m. edia and reported fears of throngs of criminals arriving in the US sparked a deep resentment against this wave of Cubans who made the perilous journey. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. On April 1st 1980, Hctor Sanyustiz, along with five others, rammed a school bus through the gates of the Peruvian Embassy in Havana seeking asylum. [2], Ten members of Congress visited Cuba in December 1978, and the Cuban government later released the US manager of a business in Cuba who had been prevented from leaving in 1963, accused of being a CIA agent, and sentenced to 50 years in prison. This move clearly caught the Carter administration off guard and at first it declared that all Cubans illegally entering U.S. waters would either be returned to Cuba or jailed in the United States. Naval Station there is, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834), Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, Marie-Franois-Xavier Bichat and the Tissue Doctrine of General Anatomy, Marie-Anne de la Trmouille (c. 16421722), Marie, Teena (originally, Brockert, Mary Christine), MarieJosephPaulYvesRochGilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mariel-boatlift, Latino and Caribbean Migration and Immigration. try via the Mariel Boatlift repeatedly referring to them as escoria [scum] or basura [garbage]. He mentioned a document called the Marine Safety Log, a list of boat manifests. Beginning in Havana as a dispute between Cuba and other Latin American countries, especially Peru, over the granting of political asylum, a crisis developed when thousands of Cubans seeking asylum took refuge on the grounds of the Peruvian embassy in Havana. [28] Soon after Castro's decree, many Cuban Americans began making arrangements to pick up refugees in the harbor. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These resources are by institution subscription. What were the political consideration of the U.S. and Cuban governments during the period of the Mariel boatlift in 1980? There is no evidence of a negative effect on wage rates for other groups of Hispanics in Miami. Examples include: The events at the Peruvian embassy are depicted in: Notable Mariel boatlift refugees include: Mass migration of Cubans to the USA in 1980, Cuban refugees arriving in crowded boats during the Mariel boatlift crisis. By Heart/de memoria: Cuban women's journeys in and out of exile. Partnering with HistoryMiami Museum through Miami Stories allows our institutions to work together for our community to lend their voices to this ongoing conversation. The Mariel Boatlift officially began April 15, 1980 and ended October 31, 1980, with the arrival of over 125,000 Cubans to Southern Florida from Port of Mariel, Cuba. Yanez said public reaction both online and in person has been strong and emotional, which reinforces the idea that historical databases are more than numbers. This selection of five clips from our WTVJ Collection includes reporting by Diana Gonzlez and Gustavo Godoy and a Ralph Renick editorial. On June 20 the Cuban-Haitian Entrant Program was established, and Haitians would be given the same legal status as Cuban refugees in the United States during the Mariel boatlift. The First Twenty Days. The data sets are more than mere numbers and names; every record hints at the story of someone beginning a new chapter of his or her life. [51], Fidel Castro stated that those leaving in the Mariel boatlift were undesirable members of Cuban society. This policy was eventually extended to the Haitian refugees (referred to as "boat people") who had been fleeing the Duvalier dictatorship since the 1970s. [45] There have been several explanations offered for the findings by Card. Each source has its own distinctive focus offering diverse viewpoints on local, regional, and world issues. The Mariel Exodus Twenty Years Later: A Study on the Politics of Stigma and a Research Bibliography. You can also send. About half of the Mariel immigrants decided to live in Miami permanently, which resulted in a 7 percent increase in workers in the Miami labor market and a 20 percent increase in the Cuban working population. CUBAN BOATLIFT FROM MARIEL, TO KEY WEST, FLORIDA CUBA Chronology from April 21, 1980 to June 30, 1980 with an after summary up to Sept. 28, 1980 . Plus, what the debt ceiling battle ahead could mean. Of course, Cuban tradeboth exports and importswas heavily targeted toward the Soviet Union and eastern bloc countries, and thousands of Soviet advisors traveled to Cuba to provide technical assistance and material support in construction, mining, transportation, and other industries. You can view The Poynter Institutes most-recent public financial disclosure form 990, tracks more than 125,000 passengers of the 1980 Mariel boatlift. The processing centers in south Florida were quickly overwhelmed, so the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) opened up four more refugee resettlement camps: Eglin Air Force Base in northern Florida, Fort McCoy in Wisconsin, Fort Chaffee in Arkansas, and Indiantown Gap in Pennsylvania. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The boatlift would also help spark policy demands for English-only government paperwork after Miami Dade County residents voted to remove Spanish as a second official language in November 1980. This can be attributed exclusively to the "dilution" of the group with the new, less-experienced, and lower-earning Mariel immigrants, meaning that there is also no evidence of a negative effect on wage rates for Cubans living in Miami prior to 1980.[44]. Borjas next compared the inflation-adjusted wages of Miami residents who had those characteristics with wages of the same segment of the American population in all other American metropolitan areas except Miami. After 10,000 Cubans tried to gain asylum by taking refuge on the grounds of the Peruvian embassy, the Cuban government announced that anyone who wanted to leave could do so. His analysis shows that the Miami wages for native-born men without high-school diplomas were much lower than the wages for similar workers in other US metropolitan areas during the 1980s and then again in the late 1990s, following the two spikes of Cubans migrating to Miami. [9], Before 1980, many Haitian immigrants had come to American shores by boat. Let the Bastards Go: From Cuba to Freedom on God's Mercy, Presidential Decision Making Adrift: The Carter Administration and the Mariel Boatlift, The Mariel Exodus Twenty Years Later: A Study on the Politics of Stigma and a Research Bibliography. Espaol Comparte tu historia del Mariel, Cuban Heritage Collection at the University of Miami Libraries, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (1998-present), Interim Esperanza Bravo de Varona Chair of the Cuban Heritage Collection and Archivist, Peer Research Consultant / UGrow Fellow 2020-21, Program Lead for Information Literacy and Instructional Design, CHC Librarian, Curator of Latin American Collections, The Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) pamphlets, Cuban Vessels Seized During Mariel Boat Lift of 1980, Correspondence: Haitian Immigration and Mariel-Key West Boat Lift, El Caso de la Embajada del Per y el Mariel: xodo masvo de cubanos, Luque, Germn (Mariel prisoner in Atlanta), Ren Ariza (left with political prisoners in 1979 but part of Mariel generation), Hctor Santiago (left with political prisoners in 1979 but part of Mariel generation), Alberto Sarran ((left with political prisoners in 1979 but part of Mariel generation; and he worked in Mariel camps as psychologist). Beginning in Havana as a dispute between Cuba and other Latin American countries, especially Peru, over the granting of political asylum, a crisis developed when thousands of Cubans seeking asylum took refuge on the grounds of the Peruvian . During that time, the two collaborated on multiple projects, including founding Mariel magazine. [36], The United States-Cuba Migration Agreement of 1987 allowed for 3,000 former political prisoners to emigrate to the United States and allowed for the deportation of undesired Marielitos. The Mariel boatlift ( Spanish: xodo del Mariel) was a mass emigration of Cubans who traveled from Cuba 's Mariel Harbor to the United States between 15 April and 31 October 1980. A baby is hoisted in the air as an act of celebration by a group of Cubans May 5,1980 at an Airforce Base in Florida. You will need a valid UM CANES card to access, (Benito Zambrano, dir., 1993) / Sueos al pairo (Jos Luis Aparicio & Fernando Fraguela, dir., 2020). This created an atmosphere of panic in those areas of the United States that received Mariel refugees. But first, if you were part of the Mariel Boatlift as a refugee, a boat captain, a member of the National Guard, call and tell us your story. History and Impact." The Mariel Boatlift of 1980 was a mass emigration of Cubans to the United States. . On 21 March 1978, two young Cuban writers who had been punished for dissent and denied permission to emigrate, Reynaldo Colas Pineda and Esteban Luis Crdenas Junquera, unsuccessfully sought asylum in the Argentine embassy in Havana and were sentenced to two years in prison. Between April and October 1980, some 1,700 boats, many arranged by Cuban exiles already in the United States, carried Cubans from the port of Mariel (the departure zone designated by the Castro government) to Florida. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. https://www.thoughtco.com/mariel-boatlift-cuba-4691669 (accessed January 18, 2023). After news coverage of celebratory masses of Cubans emigrating by flight to Costa Rica, the Cuban government declared that emigrants had to leave by flying directly to their accepting country; 7,500 Cubans left the country by those initial flights. Under the CHEP program, Cuban and Haitian entrants may be assisted in obtaining decent, safe, and sanitary housing; essential furnishings; food or a food allowance; necessary clothing; and other basic necessities, as appropriate. The president of Cuba (Spanish: Presidente de Cuba), officially the president of the Republic of Cuba (Spanish: Presidente de la Repblica de Cuba), is the head of state of Cuba.The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019.The President is the second-highest office in Cuba and the highest state office. However, he focused only on workers who were. Washington visit, September 3, 1980. Staff writer Luisa Yanez came to the U.S. on the Freedom Flights, another exodus from Cuba to Florida. Several similar actions were taken over the next year. The Sea is History: Bibliography: Cuba An Brief Bibliography of Key Sources on Caribbean Sea Migration, 1960-2009. Trying something new might not be a bad idea for a network that has fallen behind Fox News and MSNBC in the prime-time ratings. Florida Memory, "The Mariel Boatlift of 1980". While many top South Florida officials came to deal with Mariel, Odio is perhaps the one whose name is more closely linked to the event. Cuban officials also packed refugees into Cuban fishing vessels. Contains primary and secondary resources related to Mariel and Cuba. [4] In December 1978, both countries agreed upon their maritime border, and the next month, they were working on an agreement to improve their communications in the Straits of Florida. In 2016 Harvard economist George J. Borjas revisited David Card's analysis in light of new insights into immigration effects since 1990. Rebecca Bodenheimer, Ph.D. is the author of "Geographies of Cubanidad: Place, Race, and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba." Omissions? [32], As the Haitian refugees started arriving, interpreters were found to be in short supply for Haitian Creole, and interpreters from the local Haitian community were put under contract through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Realizing that this would be a mass exodus, three weeks after Castro opened the Mariel port, President Jimmy Carter ordered the federal government to begin helping with intake of the exiles. Partnering with HistoryMiami Museum through Miami Stories allows our institutions to work together for our community to lend their voices to this ongoing conversation. This, in addition to discontent regarding the economy and housing and food shortages, contributed to the unrest leading to the Mariel boatlift. Citizenship and Immigration Services overview of Cuban Haitian Entrant Program (Archived). Fire ensued and a Cuban guard was accidentally killed by one of his own. Ninety Miles: Cuban Journeys in the Age of Castro. Mariel boatlift database lists all 125,000 refugees from , MANGUITO REVIEW: Roots in the Sea: The Mariel Database, Miami Herald Marks Anniversary of Mariel Boatlift with , The Mariel Boatlift Database Miami Herald, Cuba y Yo. In a recent working paper, two economists Alexander Billy and Michael Packard have purportedly estimated the effects of the refugees on crime in Miami. After ensuring the information was relevant, Yanez and a group of transcribers hired for the project digitized the boat names. By bringing together multiple perspectives on this historic event, the series aims to frame Mariel, not in the past, but in the present, underscoring its enduring relevance and legacies. Nonetheless, only about 4% of them had criminal records, many of which were for political imprisonment. Cuban guards started shooting. "Voices from Mariel: Oral Histories of the 1980 Cuban Boatlift," February 2018, Jos Manuel Garca University Press of Florida. However, the economy was in shambles and worker morale was low. The Mariel boatlift refers to the mass movement of approximately 125,000 Cuban asylum seekers to the United States from April to October 1980. Updates? Get the Poynter newsletter that's right for you. History and Impact. Once they were initially processed and documented, the refugees were quickly transferred to larger compounds in the metropolitan area to allow them to be reunited with relatives who already lived in the United States and to allow interaction with various social-action agencies such as Catholic Charities and the American Red Cross. . Regional resettlement facilities became crucial sites in the social and cultural negotiation of the status and desirability of Mariel Cubans. Members of the community are encouraged to share their personal memories, stories, and reflections related to Mariel. In response, President Jimmy Carter declared a state of emergency in affected areas and, on June 20, established the the Cuban-Haitian Entrant Program (CHEP), which granted temporary status and access to asylum processing and community assistance to both Cubans and thousands of Haitians concurrently fleeing to the United States. In addition, individuals are provided [employment, orientation, care, and assistance opportunities] . Mall security confronted a man wearing a Jesus Saves T-shirt. [46], The wages for White Americans remained steady in both Miami and comparable cities. The program takes an interdisciplinary approach to studying anew the antecedents, unfolding, and aftermath of the Mariel boatlift of 1980. Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1988. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. [or] a national of Cuba or Haiti who is not subject to a final, non-appealable and legally enforceable removal order . Many Cubans would enter police stations and state that they engaged in homosexual behavior whether true or not, simply to be granted permission to leave the country. . The Carter administration struggled to develop a consistent response to the immigrants, and many of the refugees had been released from jails and mental health facilities in Cuba. Among many other facets, research on Mariel spans both primary and secondary sources and explores the social and racial tensions that emerged following the boatlift in South Florida; gender, sexuality and the HIV/AIDS crisis; the Cuban exile communitys response to this new influx of Cuban refugees; politics; Mariels impact on immigration policies; media coverage; and the significant impact of the Mariel generation in Cuban diasporic cultural production. What will I do now? When observing data from 1979 to 1985 on the Miami labor market and comparing it with similar data from several other major cities across the United States, focusing on wages, the effects of the boatlift were marginal. 301 19th Ave. S. For more information on Haitian history and culture, seeVol. Castro insisted that the U.S. help Cuba prosecute the boat hijackers, but the U.S. ignored the request. Moreover, housing shortages had been a major problem since the Revolution, particularly in rural areas. The boatlift had wide-ranging repercussions. International coverage includes The Guardian, The Globe and Mail, Jerusalem Post, and El Pais. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Sep 28, 2020. Intersecciones entre Cine Documental y Archivos Queer: Notas a Propsito de Sexilio, The Impact of Migration and Intergenerational Changes on the Cuban Family in the United States, The Other Shore: Interpreting The Mariel Boatlift Through Its Visual Artists, School bus filled with Mariel boatlift refugees. To expedite the process, Yanez hired a researcher in Washington, D.C., to copy and send the data to her. Did the USCG Use the Lessons Learned from the 1980 Mariel Boatlift from Cuba in Dealing with the Haitian Migration Crisis of 1991-2? As part of her research, Yanez said she had hoped to find more complete information about who was on which boat. They were not granted legal protection because they were considered economic migrants, rather than political refugees, despite claims made by many Haitians that they were being persecuted by the Duvalier regime. Miami also experienced a limited increased in skilled laborers after the boat lift. The Abandoned Ones: The imprisonment and uprising of the Mariel boat people. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Submitted stories will become part of the permanent collections of the HistoryMiami Museum and Cuban Heritage Collection and featured on both online platforms. Wages for Cubans demonstrated a steady decline especially compared with other groups in Miami at the time. This was the beginning of the mass emigration of Cubans to the U.S. In the late 1970s, US President Jimmy Carter sought to improve relations with Cuba. The term "Marielito" (plural "Marielitos") is used to refer to these refugees in both Spanish and English. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2014. [24], The Cuban government facilitated an emigration process that gave special privilege to those who were socially undesirable. Miami's Forgotten Cubans: Race, Racialization, and the Miami Afro-Cuban Experience, Havana, U.S.A.:Cuban Exiles and Cuban Americans in South Florida, 1959-1989. The next day, on April 21, 1980, the first 125,000 Cuban refugees from the port of Mariel, Cuba reached Florida. Your email address will not be published. US Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford denied claims of asylum in the United States for Haitian migrants by boat. During the 1970s, Fidel Castro set about institutionalizing the initiatives of the socialist revolution during the previous decade, including nationalization of industries and the creation of universal and free healthcare and education systems. UW-Madison School of Journalism & Mass Communication, National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company, All Rights Reserved Poynter Institute 2023, The Poynter Institute for Media Studies, Inc. is a non-profit 501(c)3. These dramatic events that unfolded in the spring of 1980 transformed into what would become known as the Mariel Boatlift --- the massive movement of over 125,000 Cubans from the port of Mariel to the shores of South Florida. The sense that the Boatlift was coming to an end were premature; although the most intense migration was over by the end of the month, the Mariel Boatlift did not end until late October 1980, when a mutual agreement between the Cuban and American governments was reached. An overloaded boat of Marielitos in Key West. Alexander M. Stephens, "Making Migrants 'Criminal': The Mariel Boatlift, Miami, and U.S. Immigration Policy in the 1980s,"Anthurium, vol. Although major housing projects were completed in Havana and Santiago (the island's second largest city), the construction couldn't keep pace with the population increase and there was overcrowding in cities. Cuban and Haitian entrants with family or sponsors in the United States are given 30 days of orientation and referral services. The Coast Guard's role in . Support responsible news and fact-based information today! Peruvian President Francisco Morales had announced a willingness to accept asylum seekers. The database includes the names of the more than 130,000 Mariel refugees and other related information: US sponsor, boat name and date of entry. During the Mariel Boatlift more than 20,000 men were forced to leave Cuba without their families; an extremely small percentage of the refugees were related to those in the exile community; close to 2000 of the 126,000 refugees were convicted felons and an estimated 3000 Cuban Intelligence Service agents, given a variety One of his conclusions was that during the 1980s, wages in Miami were a full 20 percent lower than they were elsewhere. Cuban exiles and Cuban Americans: A history of an Immigrant Community in South Florida, 1959-1989. . Corrections? 17, no 2 (2021): pp 1-18. Forty years later, in a world gripped by a pandemic of unprecedented dimensions in modern times, the Mariel boatlift of 1980 and all the. The Carter administration's reversal, however, only exacerbated the problem since it encouraged even greater numbers of Cubans to make the difficult crossing to Florida.

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